A Self-strengthening path: Modernization through Westernization

• Western music became a model

     - learned the Western harmonic system

     - combined Chinese elements with Western techniques

• Institutionalization

     - founded music conservatories

     - offered western music courses  

• New performance styles in traditional Chinese musical instruments, e.g 劉天華 applied violin techniques on the erhu《空山烏語》 [Birdsong in the Deserted Mountains]

• Development of modern Chinese orchestra

     - adaptation of western orchestra setting

     - modern bowed-string instruments created out of the              consort concept of the West, e.g. gehu 革胡